Protective Effects of Remote Limb Preconditioning on Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats Liver

Bing Zhang, Yan Zhao, Lei Bao, Lan-Hui Wang, Huai-Bin Guo, Wan-Xing Zhang, Hong-Fang Tuo, Chun-Cheng Wang

Abstract


AIM: Direct ischemic preconditioning of liver can reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Remote limb preconditioning has been shown to attenuate IRI to the heart. This study determined to investigate the protective effects of remote limb ischemic preconditioning in reducing ischemia reperfusion injury in rats liver. METHODS: Fifty male SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats were randomly allocated to five groups (n=10 per group): control group (C), shamoperated group (SO), ischemia-reperfusion group (IR), ischemic preconditioning group (HIPC), and limb ischemic preconditioning group (LIPC). The hepatic tissue sample and the blood of all groups were examined after experiments. RESULTS: The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in IR, HIPC and LIPC groups increased significantly than that in C and SO group(P<0.05), and there were significantly difference between IR group, HIPC and LIPC groups(P<0.05). There was no significant difference between HIPC and LIPC groups, C and SO groups (P>0.05). TUNELpositive cells could be seen rarely in SO group. The apoptosis index (AI) in IR, HIPC and LIPC groups increased significantly than those in SO group (P<0.05). In IR group, AI were significantly higher than those in HIPC and LIPC groups (P<0.05). There was no statistical significance between HIPC and LIPC groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Remote limb ischemic preconditioning has similar protective effect on the IR injured liver as the hepatic ischemic preconditioning and it can effectively attenuate the apoptosis.

Keywords


Liver; Ischemia-reperfusion injury; Remote limbs ischemic preconditioning; Apoptosis

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Group

SO

IR

HIPC

LIPC

F

P

N

AI (%)

92±0.16

64±1.57 1

94±0.4212

02±0.44 123

498

<0.0001

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DISCUSSION

Recent studies have demonstrated that remote ischemic

preconditioning, a process for the use of a non-vital distant organ

temporarily rendered to short sublethal ischemic preconditioning, is

able to protect other organs from the subsequent ischemia reperfusion

injury. Transient remote vascular occlusion has been shown to

be protective of IR injury in the heart, kidney[9], and brain[10], the

most commonly used preconditioning vascular is femoral artery.

The mechanisms accounting for remote preconditioning have been

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neural and humoral pathway[11,12], inflammatory mediator[13], and etc.

However, they have received much less attention in the field of liver.

In this study, we hypothesized that it may modulate hepatocellular

apoptosis to attenuate the hepatocyte injury.

The results of this study showed that serum alanine tranaminase

(ALT) and aspartate tranaminase (AST) increased significantly

after 30 min of ischemia which indicated hepatocyte function

was impaired, and much lower degree of these parameters in both

HIPC and LIPC groups showed protective effects of these two

interventions.

On the basis of previous studies, we knew that during reperfusion

large numbers of oxygen free radicals were generated and NF-

κB was activated afterwards which could increase the gene

transcription of many pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α

and IL-1)[14,15]. TNF-α and other mediators activated many of the

proteins involved in apoptosis, such as the proteases caspase-3

and caspase-8, along with mitochondria cytochrome-C released

to the cytoplasm[16,17]. The cascade of events that started with

these substances led to DNA destruction and cell death. With

this in mind, we observed the liver tissue apoptosis by means of

TUNEL assay to confirm the DNA injury. The results affirmed our

hypothesis, but the protective pathway of remote preconditioning

needed investigating further.

In our studies, hindlimb preconditioning was induced by three

cycles of 10 min occlusion of the bilateral femoral arteries followed

with 10 min reperfusion; this was consistent with all previous

studies[18,19]. This was based on evidence that three cycles of 10 min

LIPC was more effective than a single cycle and a study indicated a

single cycle IPC did not reduce liver damage in patients undergoing

major liver resection[20].

In some previous animal experiments, external tourniquet was

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commonly applied in big animals. Moreover, some researchers

found that the pressure of tourniquet needed to occlude the femoral

vessels could cause neuromuscular paralysis[21]. In this study, because

the limb artery of rat was very thin and the femoral pulse was not

© 2013 ACT. All rights reserved. 794

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