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Prevalence of Diagnosed Celiac Disease and Associated Conditions in the United States between 2012-2017: Results from a National Electronic Patient Database

Daniel B. Karb MD, Emad Mansoor MD, Sravanthi Parasa MBBS, Gregory S. Cooper MD

Daniel B. Karb, Emad Mansoor, Sravanthi Parasa, Gregory S. Cooper, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, United States

Conflict-of-interest statement: The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Correspondence to: Daniel Burke Karb, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, United States.
Email: dbkarb@gmail.com
Telephone: +985432239031

Received: October 29, 2018
Revised: December 8, 2018
Accepted: December 10, 2018
Published online: February 21, 2019

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Celiac Disease (CD) is an autoimmune condition caused by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Previous screening studies of CD have shown wide-ranging prevalence estimates. We sought to describe the prevalence of diagnosed CD in the United States (US) using a large, electronic, population-based database, and identify associated conditions of interest.

METHODS: From a large commercial database (Explorys), we identified a cohort of patients with CD between April 2012 and April 2017, based on Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms (SNOMED-CT). From this cohort, we calculated the prevalence of CD and were able to identify associations between CD cases and other conditions.

RESULTS: Of the 35,854,260 individuals in the database, we identified 83,090 cases of CD, with an overall prevalence of 231.7/100,000 persons (0.23%). Prevalence was higher in females than males [odds ratio (OR) 2.40; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.36-2.43, p < 0.0001], whites versus non-whites (OR 2.25; 95% CI 2.20-2.30, p < 0.0001) and adults (≥ 18 years) versus children (< 18) (OR) 2.60; 95% CI 2.53-2.67, p < 0.0001). CD was found to be associated with many other medical conditions.

CONCLUSIONS: In this large study, we found that the estimated prevalence of diagnosed CD in the USA is considerably lower than previous screening estimates, suggesting a large burden of undiagnosed CD. We were also able to identify strong associations between CD and many other medical conditions.

Key words: Celiac disease; Prevalence; Epidemiology; Explorys; Electronic database; SNOMED; EMR

© 2019 The Author(s). Published by ACT Publishing Group Ltd. All rights reserved.

Karb DB, Mansoor E, Parasa S, Cooper GS. Prevalence of Diagnosed Celiac Disease and Associated Conditions in the United States between 2012-2017: Results from a National Electronic Patient Database. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research 2019; 8(1): 2793-2799 Available from: URL: http://www.ghrnet.org/index.php/joghr/article/view/2454

Abbreviations CD: Celiac Disease; US: United States; SNOMED: CT-Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine—Clinical Terms; OR: Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; EHR: Electronic Health Record; HDG: Health Data Gateway; HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; IRB: Institutional Review Board; GERD: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease; EoE: Eosinophilic Esophagitis; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; ICD: 9: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; ACG: American College of Gastroenterology; SLE: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis; PBC: Primary Biliary Cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

CD, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory condition caused by gluten exposure in genetically sensitive individuals. A wide variety of epidemiologic studies using a variety of screening and diagnostic methods have attempted to define the prevalence of CD, and several studies suggest an increase in worldwide CD prevalence[1,2]. Prior analysis has tended to focus on white Europeans and their descendants (the population in which the disease was originally described)[3-6], but studies conducted in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and South America support the notion that CD is a global phenomenon that has been underdiagnosed in these populations[1,6]. In addition to the increasing recognition of CD in non-Western cultures, several other factors are hypothesized to account for this increase: improvement in diagnostic techniques and disease awareness, changing dietary habits, and intercurrent disease triggers such as gastroenteritis, surgeries, and trauma [2].

To our knowledge, there have been no studies attempting to define the prevalence of diagnosed CD utilizing a large electronic database. We sought to describe the prevalence of diagnosed CD in the USA and identify associated symptoms and disorders using a population-based database. The aims of the study were to identify cases of CD, identify CD-associated symptoms, identify other disorders associated with CD, and estimate overall prevalence of diagnosed CD in the USA and among different age-based, race-based, and gender-based subgroups. These data will help better define the epidemiology of CD in the United States.

METHODS

Database

We followed the methods established by Mansoor and Cooper[7]. In this study, the authors employed the Explorys database to determine the prevalence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. The results of this study were found to fall within the same order of magnitude of prevalence rates established by prior studies, thus lending empiric validity to these methods[7].

For the current analysis, we performed a retrospective analysis of a large population-based, commercial database (Explorys Inc, Cleveland, OH). This database contains an aggregate of electronic health record (EHR) data from 26 major integrated healthcare systems spread over 50 states in the USA from 1999 to 2017. Explorys contains de-identified patient data from participating institutions and uses a health data gateway (HDG) server behind the firewall of each participating healthcare organization that collects de-identified data from various health information systems--EHR using billing inquiries. Data are then standardized and normalized by Explorys. Diagnoses, findings, and procedures are mapped into the SNOMED-CT hierarchy. Each participating healthcare institution has access to Explorys online (password protected), which provides for browsing of the data from all participating healthcare institutions. Explorys data are automatically updated at least once every 24 hours[8]. Explorys is a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliant platform, and thus Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval is not required.

Patient Selection

Using the Explorys search tool, we identified an aggregated patient cohort of eligible patients with CD. CD patients were defined as those having a SNOMED-CT diagnosis of ‘‘celiac disease” and “active within the last 5 years” at the time of data gathering (April 2012-April 2017).

Associated Medical Conditions of Interest

We identified multiple medical conditions and medications associated with CD, as demonstrated by prior studies. Data on these conditions were extracted by using SNOMED-CT diagnostic terms for these disorders. CD-associated symptoms and disorders that were identified in the Explorys database can be found in Tables 3-4.

Statistical Analysis

For patients with CD, demographics and associated diseases, were characterized by descriptive statistics. Univariate analysis was performed to assess the differences in associated medical conditions in patients with CD and patients without CD by using the Pearson chi-square test. Univariate analysis was also performed to assess the differences in associated medical features of children with CD (aged under 18 years) and adults with disease (aged 18 years and above) by using the Pearson Chi-square test.

For calculation of overall period prevalence, we identified all patients in the database with CD from April 2012 and April 2017. We then divided this number by the total number of patients in the database (from April 2012 to April 2017) thus making sure that all patients in the denominator (population at risk) had an equal opportunity of being diagnosed with celiac if they had the disease. Similarly, age-based, gender-based, and race-based prevalence rates were calculated. The confidence intervals for prevalence rates were calculated using the Wald method for calculation of confidence intervals for single proportions[9].

The odds ratio (OR), its standard error, and 95 % confidence interval were calculated according to Altman using the MedCalc Statistical Software using a case-control design[10,11]. It should be mentioned that as a measure to protect the identities of patients, Explorys rounds cell counts to the nearest 10 and treats all cell counts < 10 as equivalent to zero.

RESULTS

A total of 35,854,260 individuals in the database from April 2012 to April 2017 made up the source population. Of these, 83,090 had at least one SNOMED-CT diagnosis of CD, with an overall age-adjusted prevalence of 231.7/100,000 persons (0.23%). In the CD case group, the majority were female (74.7%), Caucasian (88.0%), and adult (age 18-65; 70.13%). Prevalence was higher in females than males [odds ratio (OR) 2.40; 95% CI 2.36-2.43, p < 0.0001] whites versus non-whites (OR 2.25; 95% CI 2.20-2.30, p < 0.0001) and adults (≥ 18 years) versus children (< 18) (OR 2.60; 95% CI 2.53-2.67, p < 0.0001) (Tables 1, 2). The age distribution by gender of the source population and the CD populations is shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.

Individuals with CD were more likely than controls to have a variety of signs, symptoms, and associated disorders. A statistically significant association existed between CD and each associated disorder queried except for IgA nephropathy[12,13] (Table 3).

In addition, individuals with CD were more likely than controls to have a variety of autoimmune disorders. (Table 4) Though reported in the literature, there was no statistically significant association between CD and PBC[14,15].

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of CD.
Total Number of CD Cases, n83090
Female, n (%)62070 (74.7)
Male, n (%)21020 (23.3)
Age Group
Children (< 18 years of age), n (%)5680 (6.8)
Adults (18-65 years of age), n (%)58270 (70.1)
Elderly (> 65 years of age), n (%)19110 (23.0)
Race
Caucasian, n (%)73110 (88.0)
African American, n (%)3060 (3.7)
Asian, n (%)1040 (1.3)
Hispanic, n (%)560 (.7)
Unknown race, n (%)2370 (2.9)

Table 2 Prevalence of CD in the Explorys Database between April 2012 and April 2017.
GroupSource Population (% of Source)CD Cases, n (% of CD Cases)Prevalence (per 100,000)
Overall35,854,260 (100)83,090 (100)231.7 (.22% of total population)
Male16,053,620 (44.8)21,020 (25.3)130.9
Female19,800,640 (55.2)62,070 (74.7)313.5 (OR 2.40; 95% CI 2.36-2.43, p < 0.0001)
Children (< 18 years)5,743,600 (16.0)5,680 (6.8)98.9
Adults (18-65 years)22,809,140 (63.6)58,270 (70.1)255.5 (OR 2.60; 95% CI 2.53-2.67, p < 0.0001)
Elderly (> 65 years)7,262,300 (20.3)19,110 (23.0)263.1
Caucasian22,543,450 (62.9)73,110 (88.0)324.3 (OR 2.25; 95% CI 2.20-2.30, p < 0.0001)
African-American3,980,880 (11.1)3,060 (3.7)76.9
Asian690,170 (1.9)1,040 (1.3)150.7
Hispanic439,170560 (.7)127.5
Unknown Race4,596,840 (12.7)2,370 (2.9)51.6

Table 3 CD-Associated Symptoms and Disorders.
DiagnosisCD Cases, n (%)Controls, n (%)Odds Ratio (95% CI)P
Malabsorption Syndrome82990 (99.9)305350 (0.9)96617.1 (79408.52-117555.02)<0.0001
Diarrheal Disorder7210 (8.7)85030 (0.2)40.0 (38.98-40.99)<0.0001
Malnutrition of Mild Degree (75% to less than 90% of standard weight)320 (0.4)30960 (0.1)4.5 (4.01-5.00)<0.0001
Malnutrition of Moderate Degree (60% to less than 75% of standard weight)580 (0.7)62120 (0.2)4.1 (3.73-4.40)<0.0001
Severe Protein-Calorie Malnutrition (less than 60% of standard weight)590 (0.7)52530 (0.1)4.9 (4.49-5.29)<0.0001
Anemia of Chronic Disease2800 (3.4)363680 (1.0)3.4 (3.28-3.53)<0.0001
Anemia due to B12 Deficiency1910 (2.3)121900 (0.3)6.9 (6.59-7.22)<0.0001
Iron Deficiency Anemia9890 (11.9)788660 (2.2)6.0 (5.88-6.14)<0.0001
Vitamin B Deficiency5310 (6.4)426480 (1.2)5.7 (5.51-5.83)<0.0001
Vitamin D Deficiency16820 (20.2)2067920 (6.1)4.1 (4.08-4.22)<0.0001
Osteomalacia170 (0.2)10220 (0.0)7.2 (6.18-8.37)<0.0001
Osteoporosis12960 (15.6)1009370 (2.9)6.4 (6.26-6.50)<0.0001
Depressive Disorder29950 (36.0)3985500 (12.5)4.5 (4.44-4.57)<0.0001
Epilepsy2520 (3.0)447770 (1.3)2.5 (2.38-2.57)<0.0001
Migraine15440 (18.6)1422730 (4.1)5.5 (5.43-5.62)<0.0001
Anxiety Disorder21520 (25.9)2878890 (8.7)4.0 (3.94-4.07)<0.0001
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome3260 (3.9)562510 (1.6)2.6 (2.47-2.65)<0.0001
Osteoarthritis28450 (34.2)4180340 (13.2)3.9 (3.89-4.00)<0.0001
Arthritis 24010 (28.9)2764390 (8.4)4.9 (4.79-4.94)<0.0001
Arthropathy46890 (56.4)9368110 (35.4)3.7 (3.61-3.71)<0.0001
Dermatitis Herpetiformis1050 (1.3)4490 (0.0)4563.5 (4422.50-4708.92)<0.0001
Type 2 DM18720 (22.5)3220520 (9.9)2.9 (2.90-3.00)<0.0001
Liver Disease19260 (23.2)1454560 (4.2)7.1 (7.02-7.25)<0.0001
Chronic Liver Disease4200 (5.1)571330 (1.6)3.3 (3.19-3.39)<0.0001
GERD30550 (36.8)4111300 (13.0)4.5 (4.43-4.55)<0.0001
Eosinophilic Esophagitis460 (0.6)22690 (0.1)8.8 (8.01-9.64)<0.0001
Disorder associated with menopause and/or menstruation12240 (14.7)1641500 (4.8)3.6 (3.53-3.67)<0.0001
Infertility1000 (1.2)144540 (0.4)3.0 (2.83-3.20)<0.0001
Myocardial Disease9660 (11.6)1422310 (4.1)3.2 (3.12-3.25)<0.0001
Myocardial Dysfunction440 (0.5)93270 (0.3)2.0 (1.86-2.24)<0.0001
Cardiomyopathy 2210 (2.7)458750 (1.3)2.1 (2.02-2.20)<0.0001
Ischemic Heart Disease9790 (11.8)1385430 (4.0)3.3 (3.25-3.39)<0.0001
Atrophic Gastritis3270 (3.9)181870 (0.5)8.0 (7.76-8.32)<0.0001
Glossitis340 (0.4)33460 (0.1)4.4 (3.95-4.90)<0.0001
Pancreatitis13090 (15.8)266480 (0.7)25.0 (24.50-25.45)<0.0001
Disorder of Pancreas14330 (17.2)388970 (1.1)19.0 (18.66-19.35)<0.0001
Peripheral Neuropathy3640 (4.4)470780 (1.3)3.4 (3.33-3.56)<0.0001
Cerebellar Ataxia90 (0.1)9490 (0.0)4.1 (3.33-5.04)<0.0001
Autism3300 (4.0)74210 (0.2)19.9 (19.24-20.67)<0.0001
Colitis21500 (25.9)1438240 (4.2)8.4 (8.22-8.48)<0.0001
Turner Syndrome50 (0.1)2770 (0.0)7.8 (5.89-10.31)<0.0001
Down Syndrome460 (0.6)24730 (0.1)8.1 (7.35-8.85)<0.0001
Common Variable Immunodeficiency190 (0.2)8030 (0.0)10.2 (8.86-11.82)<0.0001
IgA Nephropathy0 (0.0)370 (0.0)0.6 (0.04-9.33)0.7024
     

Table 4 CD-Associated Autoimmune Disorders.
DiagnosisCD Cases, n (%)Controls, n (%)Odds Ratio (95% CI)P
Type 1 DM11660 (14.0)363320 (1.0)15.9 (15.63-16.27)<0.0001
Crohn's Disease7310 (8.8)140820 (0.4)24.5 (23.87-25.07)<0.0001
Ulcerative Colitis6850 (8.2)122310 (0.3)26.2 (25.59-26.92)<0.0001
Graves' Disease90 (0.1)8400 (0.0)4.6 (3.76-5.70)<0.0001
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis3020 (3.6)111830 (0.3)12.1 (11.62-12.51)<0.0001
Autoimmune Thyroiditis3260 (3.9)124560 (0.3)11.7 (11.31-12.14)<0.0001
Myasthenia Gravis190 (0.2)19030 (0.1)4.3 (3.74-4.98)<0.0001
Psoriasis1610 (1.9)237500 (0.7)3.0 (2.82-3.11)<0.0001
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus9920 (11.9)136570 (0.4)35.5 (34.70-36.23)<0.0001
Addison's Disease90 (0.1)4850 (0.0)8.0 (6.51-9.87)<0.0001
Rheumatoid Arthritis11620 (14.0)378910 (1.1)15.2 (14.92-15.53)<0.0001
Vitiligo300 (0.4)32770 (0.1)4.0 (3.53-4.44)<0.0001
Alopecia Areata210 (0.3)28450 (0.1)3.2 (2.79-3.66)<0.0001
Primary Biliary Cholangitis90 (0.1)5650 (0.0)1.0 (0.81-1.23)0.9962

DISCUSSION

In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of diagnosed CD over 5 years in the Explorys database between 2012 and 2017. To our knowledge, our sample size of over 35 million individuals is, by orders of magnitude, the largest population ever used to define CD prevalence in the United States at the national level. This is also the first large study to describe race-, age-, and sex-based prevalence of CD in the United States from national-level data. Finally, this is the largest study to identify conditions associated with CD, both classical and non-classical, and the large cohort enabled identification of rare associations.

We used SNOMED-CT to identify cases of CD, and our study is the first to use either International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) or SNOMED-CT to define the prevalence of CD. At least three prior studies have attempted to use ICD-9 codes to help further define the epidemiology of CD[2,16,17], and one study has used SNOMED-CT[18], though none has used these methods to define prevalence. While ICD-9 and SNOMED-CT are both medical terminology systems for recording medical diagnoses and concepts, SNOMED-CT has many more concepts to be coded per clinical document than ICD-9[19], which makes it more accurate in terms of enlisting pertinent clinical information[7]. The Explorys methodology employed here has been used in the past to identify the prevalence for a variety of conditions with empirically valid results[7,20].

CD can be diagnosed at any age, with a peak at early childhood and at the fourth and fifth decade of life for women and men, respectively and our results support this[21]. The white predominance observed in our study is consistent with prior epidemiological data, which show CD is a disease primarily of whites (though research increasingly suggests that it affects all races)[1-6]. As with many other autoimmune diseases, CD is more common in women, and our results are consistent with prior observed female to male ratio between 2:1 and 3:1[21,22]. Further genetic, environmental, and behavioral studies are needed to understand the higher prevalence in females and Caucasians.

The overall prevalence of 231.7/100,000 persons (0.23%) identified in our study is significantly lower than the rate identified in the US through screening. These studies have found CD prevalence rates of approximately 1-2% in Europe and up to 0.95% in the USA[4,21,23,24].

One strength of this study is that the data contained in Explorys is culled from over 300 health institutions across all 50 states and spanning the East, Midwest, South, Central, and West divisions of the USA[8], thus providing a broad regional and climatic distribution of source population. In this way, the patients included in this study are broadly representative of the general US population that utilizes healthcare services. However, a study of CD prevalence in the US utilizing the National Health Examination Survey (NHANES) observed stark regional differences in 22,000 cases of CD identified by questionnaire and sequential serology[24]. The overall US prevalence identified by this study was 0.7%, but prevalence increased from 0.2% to 0.6% to 1.2% as latitude increased from < 35°North to 35°to < 40°North to 40°North, respectively, with the highest prevalence located in the northernmost US latitude., with the highest prevalence located in the northernmost US latitude[24]. Because Explorys uses aggregated, de-identified data from institutions across the US, it is not possible to determine whether regional differences in prevalence exist, and we are unable to corroborate the regional disparities observed in NHANES data. However, due to the broad geographic distribution of the data contained in Explorys, the authors feel that regional differences cannot explain the lower prevalence observed in our study, which suggest that the nationwide prevalence of diagnosed CD is roughly equivalent to that found in the southernmost portion of the US in NHANES (the least prevalent region).

A more likely explanation of the discrepancy is the difficulty of CD diagnosis, and the differences between tests used for screening and those used for diagnosis. It should be noted that the results of this study show the prevalence of diagnosed CD, while screening studies show the prevalence of diagnosed plus undiagnosed CD. As with any disease, diagnosis of CD depends first on identifying which individuals to test diagnostically. Classic malabsorption symptoms (e.g. bloating, diarrhea, weight loss, etc.) are relatively straightforward testing indications[25]. However, wide clinical discretion is required to test for atypical CD, which may present with a variety of non-malabsorption symptoms, and is thought to comprise as much as 50% of all diagnosed patients[26]. Because of this, we sought to identify the prevalence of a multitude of non-classic conditions associated with CD in order to identify possible indications for CD testing. We were able to find strong associations between CD and many non-classic symptoms.

In addition to the above, for any disease with a wide variation of phenotypic expressivity and a serologic diagnostic test, of which CD is one, the screening of asymptomatic individuals yields a higher proportion of diseased individuals than is found in the population[27]. A wide range of clinical severity exists among individuals with both classic CD and atypical variants[28]. Thus, individuals with silent or mild CD may satisfy diagnostic criteria when screened but fail to show clinical signs of CD that would otherwise warrant diagnostic testing in the clinical setting[28]. Unlike with screening tests, all cases identified in Explorys are diagnosed CD. The results of this study, therefore, are consistent with NHANES data that suggest that up to 83% of CD cases go undiagnosed, with a considerable morbidity burden of undiagnosed disease[5]. Indeed, undiagnosed CD is associated with a nearly 4-fold increased risk of death[29]. Therefore, we recommend liberal use of CD diagnostic testing in patients that present with the atypical symptoms described here, especially in the presence of unexplained, refractory, or malabsorptive qualities, and especially in those patients who also have other autoimmune conditions.

This study is subject to the same limitations affecting all epidemiological research collected from electronic databases. Because the data contained in electronic databases were not collected as part of a designed study, many variables of interest to research remain unrecorded[30]. Explorys data contain no information about socioeconomic status, geographic data on patient population, endoscopic abnormalities, histology reports, severity of disease, and specific indications for medications prescribed[7]. Moreover, although Explorys uses a master-patient identifier to match the same patient across different healthcare institutions and combine the data[31], a few patients may have received care in multiple institutions within Explorys healthcare partners and could have been counted multiple times. However, the healthcare systems involved in Explorys are large, integrated networks, and while it is possible that some patients may travel between healthcare systems, it is not clear that any error in this area would disproportionately affect the CD group more than the control group[31].

Although evidence suggests reliable recording of principal diagnosis codes for many disorders (e.g. myocardial infarction), many other medical conditions are coded with limited accuracy[32]. We could have under- or overestimated the true prevalence of CD since the SNOMED-CT diagnostic code for CD in Explorys was not validated clinically, and individuals might have been misclassified; validation of the SNOMED-CT diagnostic code for CD was not possible since the patient information in the database is de-identified. Furthermore, providers sometimes omit single diagnosis codes when more serious conditions push milder diagnoses off the diagnosis list or discharge abstract[30]. For example, studies of hospital discharge abstract data have found that secondary diagnoses such as diabetes, angina, and history of myocardial infarction are paradoxically associated with improved in-hospital mortality, as their inclusion in discharge diagnosis codes implies less serious primary diagnoses[33]. There also appears to be an under-coding of chronic comorbidities in patients who die in the hospital[30]. The chronic and often indolent nature of CD lends itself to such under-diagnosis.

Finally, though the major strength of this study is its large sample size, one potential consequence is the power to find statistically significant associations which may not be clinically significant. More research may be required to make this differentiation.

In summary, using the large commercial database, Explorys, we have analyzed the largest cohort of diagnosed CD cases to date. From this sample, the overall prevalence of diagnosed CD in the US is estimated to be 231.7/100,000 persons (0.23%), which is lower than estimates derived from screening methodology. These results support past studies which suggest a large burden of undiagnosed CD, which is at least partially due to unidentified atypical disease. Because of this, we suggest the liberal use of CD diagnostic testing in patients presenting with unexplained or refractory CD-associated symptoms, which we have identified here. We hope this study may provide guidance for the clinical recognition of classical and non-classical CD.

Acknowledgments

The results of this study were presented as a poster at the World Congress of Gastroenterology at American College of Gastroenterology, Orlando, Fla. October 17, 2017 entitled Who Should We Screen for Celiac Disease? Prevalence and Risk Factors for Celiac Disease in USA: A Large Population-Based Study of 83,090 Patients with Celiac Disease.

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