5,557

Relation of IL28B Rs12979860 Polymorphism on Depression Symptoms in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C

Elza Cristina Miranda da Cunha1,2, Bruna Brandão Farias1, Natalia Xavier Carvalho1, William Silva Ribeiro1, Indiara Viegas1, Andreia Santos1, Christian Loret de Mola3, Rodrigo Proto-Siqueira4, Lysandro Alsina Nader2, Gabriele Ghisleni1

1 Laboratório de Neurociências Clínicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Rua Gonçalves Chaves 373, CEP 96015560, Pelotas, Brazil;
2 Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Av. Duque de Caxias 250, CEP 96030000, Pelotas, Brazil;
3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro 1160, CEP 96020220, Pelotas, Brazil;
4 Laboratório Antonello, Molecular Biology Institute, Av. Ferreira Viana, 380 - Centro, Pelotas / RS - CEP: 96085-000, Brazil.

Conflict-of-interest statement: The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Correspondence to: Elza Cristina Miranda da Cunha, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Centro de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil.
Email: ecmirandacunha@gmail.com
Telephone: +55 53 2128 8031
Fax: +55 53 2128 8229

Received: August 19, 2019
Revised: August 30, 2019
Accepted: September 2, 2019
Published online: October 21, 2019

ABSTRACT

AIM: The presente study we aim to evaluate the relationship between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs12979860 in the IL28B gene with the diagnosis of depression and its symptoms along the treament of HCV patients.

Material and Methods: Is a convenience cohort where patients were follow-up by 12 weeks during the antiviral therapy. A sociodemographic questionnaire, psychiatric diagnostic interview and laboratorial data were applied at the baseline, 4th week and 12th week of treatment. A sample of buccal cells was collected from each patient in the baseline and IL28B rs12979860 (C/T) polymorphism was genotyped by real-time PCR.

Results: 90 patients were evaluated in relation to IL28B rs12979860 (C/T) polymorphism. The rs12979860 polymorphism were not significantly associated with the diagnoses of major depression (p = 0.186) in the baseline, but along the treatment the T allele present a risk factor for irritability OR 3.75 [CI (1.22-11.57); p = 0.021]. Past depression is associated with the diagnosis of current depression pré treatment (p = 0.018).

Conclusion: Our results suggest that patients carrying T-allele of rs12979860 have worst symptoms of depression related to those with CC genotype. These results indicate that genotypes of IL28B rs12979860 polymorphism should be better studied to be considered for further treatment.

Key words: Hepatitis C; Depression; IL28B; BDI; Treatment hepatitis; Depressive symptoms

da Cunha ECM, Farias BB, Carvalho NX, Ribeiro WS, Viegas I, Santos A, de Mola CL, Proto-Siqueira R, Nader LA, Ghisleni G. Relation of IL28B Rs12979860 Polymorphism on Depression Symptoms in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research 2019; 8(5): 2957-2961 Available from: URL: http://www.ghrnet.org/index.php/joghr/article/view/2658

INTRODUCTION

Hepatitis C, like many chronic medical illnesses, is associated with an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorder, notably major depression. The presence of depressive symptoms in Hepatitis C patients, such as in other chronic medical illnesses, is an important side effect on the course of illness with amplification of physical symptoms, functional impairment, reduced treatment compliance and reduced quality of life[1].

The mechanisms by which Hepatitis C virus (HCV) induce systemic diseases seem to be multifactorial, correlated to its ability to penetrate and replicate within cells of the main body systems and to induce local and systemic inflammation, metabolic alterations, and immune-mediated phenomena. HCV can target the central nervous system (CNS) causing a wide range of neurologic and psychiatric manifestations, and around 50% of infected individuals reported neurologic and psychiatric disorders[2].

Consistent with previous reports, Interferon (IFN) therapy was accompanied by a significant increase in neurovegetative and somatic symptoms of depression including changes in appetite, fatigue and irritability increasing within the first two weeks of treatment[3]. Moreover, studies have shown that around 42% of patients who initiated IFN therapy develops an episode of major depression and most of patients show a significant increase in the severity of symptoms related to pre-treatment[4].

Evidences hint at an association between depression and HCV infection by different aspects: (a) the stress to have a potentially life-threatening; (b) the stigmatizing nature of the diagnosis; (c) and the high proportion of persons at risk for psychiatric disorder in cohorts of HCV-infected people[5]. In fact, depression has an important impact on patients live, since it decreases quality of life, can cause delays and interruptions in the treatment of HCV[6,7]. In this context, early diagnosis and treatment of depression have been associated with better adherence to antiviral therapy.

In 2009, a series of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL28B gene, a gene coding for IFN-lambda-3 (IFN-l-3) as a predictor of sustained virologic response (SVR), as well as spontaneous clearance in chronic HCV genotype 1 patients treated with Interferon Peguilated (PegIFN) and Ribavirin (RBV)[8,9]. Risk for side effects during IFN treatment may also be influenced by genetic polymorphisms, including those affecting the serotonin system[10,11], other cytokines such as IL-6, the receptor for IFN-a[12], phospholipase A2[13] and IL28B rs12979860 associated with less appetite, energy and sleep complaints[14]. So, in the present study we aim to evaluate the relationship between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs12979860 in the IL28B gene with the diagnosis of depression and its symptoms along the treatment of HCV patients.

Methods

Study design

This study is a convenience cohort where patients were followed-up by 12 weeks during the antiviral therapy. The study was performed from February 2013 to August 2016, in the Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic Center for the Application and Monitoring of Injectable Medicines (CAMMI) - in Medicine Faculty of Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The initial sample was composed of 90 HCV patients with treatment indication according to the Protocol Treatment of Viral Hepatitis of the Health Ministry[15,16,17]. Health professionals from the service, weekly monitored the adherence to treatment through direct contact with the patients. Inclusion criteria: patients older than 18 years, mono-infected with HCV and treatment with PegIFN and RBV. Exclusion criteria: patients under 18 years of age, co-infected and using others medications to treatment of HCV (protease inhibitors and direct acting antiviral).

The treatment was based in drugs currently used for the HCV in Brazil. In our sample, patients used 180 mcg/kg of PegIFN-α 2a once a week. This treatment was associated with RBV (mean dose of 13 mg/kg/day) for 24 to 48 weeks depending on the virus genotype, viral load and fibrosis degree. The fibrosis degree was assessed by the METAVIR System in which F0 means absence of fibrosis and F4 means cirrhotic patient, advanced fibrosis was considered F3-F4 patients. High viral load was defined by values ​​above 600,000 IU/mL and low viral load by less than 600,000 IU/mL.

Psychiatric history was considered if the patient had previous episodes of depression or psychiatric treatment. Before starting treatment for HCV, 20 (22.22%) of the patients used some type of psychiatric medication, and 19 (21.1%) used psychiatric medication during the antiviral treatment.

Instruments

A sociodemographic questionnaire was applied at the baseline, before the beginning of the antiviral therapy. The psychiatric diagnostic interview and laboratorial data of patients were collected at the baseline, in the 4th and 12th week of treatment.

Subjects were evaluated with a structured diagnostic interview - the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview - MINI, that uses the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) as criterion for psychiatric diagnostic. The diagnosis of major depression, risk of suicide and generalized anxiety disorder were used in the present work. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Interview was also used in order to confirm the presence and severity of depressive symptoms in patients with HCV.

All ethical principles established by the National Health Council in Resolution No. 466/12 were respected. All patients who agree to participate in the research provided a written informed consent. University’s Ethics Committee approved the study under protocol number 151.642 and 658.087. Any patient with a diagnosis of depression or suicide risk was referred to the CAPS (Psychosocial Support Center - psychiatric service support to patients with mental disorders) or to the Psychiatric Service of UFPel.

Laboratorial analysis

Laboratorial information such as the fibrosis degree, virus genotype and viral load values​​ were obtained from the Laboratory of UFPel Hospital along the antiviral therapy.

DNA extraction

A sample of buccal cells was collected from each patient in the baseline. Each collection were made with help of a wooden tongue depressor using disposable special cytological brushes by twirl the cytobrush for 30s over the malar region to obtain exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa. The first scraping was scorned. The DNA was processed following the manufacturer’s instructions (PUREGENE ™ DNA Buccal Cell Kit; Gentra Systems, Inc., Qiagen, Minneapolis, MN). After extraction total DNA was quantified by spectrophotometry and stored at -20 ° C until molecular analysis.

Polymorphism genotyping

IL28B SNP rs12979860 (C/T) was genotyped using primers and probes contained in the 40x Human Custom TaqMan Genotyping Assay (Life Technologies, Foster City, CA, USA). The reactions were conducted in a 96-well plate, in a total 5 µl reaction volume using 2 ng of genomic DNA, TaqMan Genotyping Master Mix 1x (Applied Biosystems), and Custom TaqMan Genotyping Assay 1x, as determined by the manufacturer. Then plates were positioned in a real-time PCR thermal cycler (7500 Fast Real PCR System; Applied Biosystems) and heated for 10 min at 95˚C, followed by 45 cycles of 95˚C for 15 s and 60˚C for 1 min. Fluorescence data files from each plate were analyzed using automated allele-calling software (SDS 2,0.1; Applied Biosystems).

Statistical analysis

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of HCV patients were described by simple frequencies. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients according to clinical diagnostic of major depression were compared by unpaired Student’s t-test or c2 as appropriate. To evaluate the association of IL28B SNP rs12979860 in depressive symptoms over time a multivariate mixed effect analysis was performed using the dominant model (CC vs CT/TT). Variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), number and percentage, or Odds Ratio (95% CI). The analyses were performed in STATA and p values ​​< 0.05 are considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

In a total of 90 patients, the mean age was 52.4 ± 12.3 years, 39 (43.3%) were female, 56 (62.2%) married, 76 (84.45%) caucasian, the mean years of the study was 10.3 ± 5.5 years, 16 (17.8%) had advanced fibrosis according to hepatic biopsy, and 43 (47.8%) had genotype 1. About 18 (20.2%) of patients were diagnosed with current depression, 24 (27%) had a history of depression, 11 (12.4%) were at risk of suicide, 33 (37.1%) had generalized anxiety disorder, and 38 (42.2%) have ever consulted with psychologist or psychiatrist (data not shown).

In relation to genotypes distribution of IL28B SNP rs12979860, 24 (26.7%) of the patients had CC genotype, 55 (61.1%) CT and 11 (12.2%) TT genotype. There was no statistically significant difference for ethnicity (p = 0.880), gender (p = 0.518) and age (p = 0.739) according to genotypes of IL28B rs12979860 polymorphism (data not shown). The influence of rs12979860 genotypes on SVR was evaluated showing no significant diferences between genotypes (p = 0.323), as well no association was observed when the sample was stratified according to viral genotypes 1 (p = 0.686) and 2/3 (p = 0.679) (data not shown).

The SNP rs12979860 were not significantly associated with the diagnoses of major depression (p = 0.186), generalized anxiety disorder (p = 0.093), and suicide risk (p = 0.728) at baseline (data not shown). Table 1 depicted sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients according to diagnosis of current episode of major depression at baseline. Only a past episode of major depression (p = 0.018) was significantly associated with major depression in baseline (Table 1). Data presented in Table 2 showed the relation between depressive sympotms and genotypes of IL28B SNP rs12979860 along the HCV treatment. Using a dominant model we observed that T-allele confers risk for irritability [OR: 3.75; CI (1.22-11.57); p = 0.021].

Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of Hepatitis C patients according to current depression.
VariableDiagnosis of Current DepressionP value
NoYes
Gender
Female29 (32.6%)9 (10.11%)0.33
Male36 (75%)12 (25%) 
Age53.13±12.5750.17±11.260.365
Years of study 10.68±5.809.39±4.400.382
Marital Status
Married46 (51.68%)10 (11.23%)0.59
Others25 (28.08%)8 (8.98%) 
Working
Yes40 (44.94%)7 (7.86%)0.305
No30 (73.2%)11(26.8%) 
Virus Genotype
136 (40.45%)6 (6.74%)0.146
2/335 (39.32%)12 (13.48%) 
Degree of fibrosis
Low32 (35.95%)7 (7.86%)0.458
High 14 (15.73%)2 (2.25%) 
Viral load baseline
High23 (25.84%)3 (3.37%)0.154
Low48 (53.93%)15 (16.85%) 
IL28B Genotype
CC17 (19.10%)6 (6.74%)0.186
CT43 (48.31%) 12 (13.48%) 
TT11 (12.35%) 0 (0%) 
IL28B Dominant Model
CC17 (23.9%)6 (33.3%)0.609
CT/TT54 (76.1%)12 (66.7%) 
Past Depression15 (16.85%)9 (10.11%)0.018
Total72 (79.8%)18 (20.2%) 
Displayed as mean ± standard deviation or n and %. p values ≤ 0.050 were considered significant. High fibrosis was considered F3-F4 and low F1-F2; High viral load >600,00UI/ml and Low viral load <600,000UI/ml.

Table 2 Depressive symptoms evaluated by BDI in relation to IL28B rs12979860 genotypes.
Depressive Simptons Dominant Model
CT+TT
  OR (CI 95%) p-value
Sadness1.86 (0.35-9.78) 0.459
Pessimism0.99 (0.20-4.88) 0.998
Past Failure1.96 (0.02-19.56) 0.563
Loss of pleasure0.85 (0.22-3.24) 0.813
Guilt2.30 (0.30-17.26) 0.415
Feelings of punishment1.33 (0.16-10.45) 0.786
Self-esteem1.93 (0.25-14.76) 0.523
Self-criticism2.28 (0.56-9.22) 0.245
Suicidal thoughts 1.07 (0.08-13.80) 0.955
Crying1.32 (0.31-5.57) 0.701
Agitation2.22 (0.96-5.10) 0.06
Loss of interest0.47 (0.10-2.07) 0.323
Indecision0.51 (0.09-2.73) 0.439
Devaluation0.67 (0.14-3.07) 0.608
Lack of energy1.36 (0.47-3.90) 0.56
Sleepiness2.19 (0.79-6.01) 0.127
Irritability3.75 (1.22-11.57) 0.021
Appetite 3.04 (0.90-10.27) 0.072
Concentrating1.57 (0.70-3.54) 0.271
Fatigue1.71 (0.56-5.18) 0.338
Loss of interest in sex0.60 (0.21-1.72) 0.35
Displayed as OR (CI 95%); Multivariate mixed effect analysis was performed using the dominant model (CC vs CT/TT). Reference group: CC; p values ≤ 0.050 were considered significant. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).

DISCUSSION

In this study our results reveals that T-allele of IL28B rs12979860 SNP may confer risk for depressive symptoms in CHC patients during the treatment with IFN. IL28B SNPs have been extensively studied on the success rate of CHC therapy, although its mechanisms remain unknown and little investigation has been made for clinical outcome.

IL28B SNPs have been described for differences in immune response to HCV infection in the pre-treatment, which suggest higher severity of liver disease[18]. A number of studies have postulated that T-allele of rs12979860 was associated with worst SVR in CHC patients during the IFN treatment, although the mechanisms that regulate the IL28B genotypes on the success rate of therapy remain unclear[9,19,20,21,22]. In fact, this SNP had been claimed as the key predictor among IL28B SNPs for SVR in HCV infected patients[19]. The underlying mechanisms by which IL28B could predict risk for depressive symptoms and SVR was suggested by recent in-vitro report had shown that IL28B can inhibit HCV replication through JAK-STAT pathway, with genotypes conferring differential expression of intrahepatic interferon-stimulated genes in CHC patients[23]. In this study, our results do not shown an association between SVR and rs12979860 genotypes, but for the first time the T-allele of this SNP was associated with depressive symptoms, suggesting that this allele may be related to worst overall outcome of patients.

Neuropsychiatric disorders and neurocognitive dysfunction are reported in nearly 50% of patients with chronic HCV infection, which are independent of the severity of liver disease or HCV replication rates[24]. Fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression and reduced quality of life are commonly associated with neurocognitive alterations in patients with non-cirrhotic chronic HCV infection[24]. People with HCV infection also present higher risk for depression, anxiety, somatization, compulsiveness, insecurity, aggression/hostility, and phobic anxiety[5]. In this study, the only variable associated with the diagnosis of current depression in pre-treatment was the past depression variable (p = 0.018) and no association was observed between the IL28B rs12979860 SNP and major depression, the T-allele of rs12979860 was suggested to confers risk for irritability. Controversal to our results, Lotrich et al showed that the C-allele of rs12979860 SNP was associated with specific somatic symptoms of major depression analyzed by BDI, namely loss of energy, worsened sleep, and change in appetite[14]. Moreover, genetic variants in the IL28B gene (rs12979860, rs12980275, rs8099917) that otherwise are linked with more favorable therapeutic outcome were associated with more pronounced inflammation, steatosis, fibrosis, insulin resistence and depressive symptons[25,26,27].

Importantly, anger and irritability are underestimat­ed side effects of INF treatment. In fact, irritability might be secondary to other mood disorders which often arise during antiviral treat­ment. The irritability ranged from mild to severe, being able to undertake almost half of patients on treatment reported symptoms of irritability and anger first developing within 2 months after initiating treatment[28]. In the context of CHC patients, anger/irritability and fadigue during antiviral treatment were linked to TNF-alpha rs1800629 genotypes[29]. Moreover, 5-HTTLPR rs25531 SNP was more specificaly associated with depression and sleep[11,30].

This study as well as that performed by Lotrich et al. [11], founded an association of IL28B with distinct depressive symptoms, pointing out to a relevant role for IL28B SNPs for HCV infected patients. The IL28B rs12979860 is of paramount importance for the follow-up and planning of the treatment of HCV, becoming another tool to help in the therapy for psychiatric disease of these patients. However, the small number of patients evaluated here represents an important limitation of this study, and point to necessity of further studies to better comprehend the involvement of IL28B in the mechanisms of psychiatric symptoms induced by IFN.

Acknoledgements

This study was supported by CNPq/CAPES Brazil, and Laboratory Antonello, Molecular Biology Institute (Polymorphism genotyping).

Funding: This study was supported by CAPES Brazil and the funder had no such involvement in the study design; data collection, analysis and interpretation; in the report writing; and paper submission for publication.

REFERENCES

1. Golden J, ODwyer AM, Conroy RM. Depression and anxiety in patients with hepatitis: prevalence, detection rates and risk factors. Gen hosp psychiatry 2005; 27: 431-438. [PMID: 16271658]; [DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.06.006]

2. Adinolfi LE, Nevola R, Rinaldi L, Romano C, Giordano M. Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Depression. Clin Liver Dis 2017; 21(3): 517-534. [PMID: 28689590]; [DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2017.03.007]

3. Loftis JM, Patterson AL, Wilhelm CJ, McNett H, Morasco BJ, Huckans M, Morgan T, Saperstein S, Asghar A, Hauser P. Vulnerability to somatic Symptons of depression during interferon-alpha therapy for hepatitis C: a 16-week prospective study. J psychosomatic research 2013; 74: 57-63. [PMID: 23272989]; [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.10.012]. Epub 2012 Nov 21.

4. Smith K, Norrisy S, McKiernany S, Hynesy B, O’Dwyerz AM, O’Mara SM. An Exploration of Depressive Symptoms in Hepatitis C Patients Taking Interferon-alpha: Increase in Sickness Behaviors but not Negative Cognitions. J of Clin Exp Hepatol 2012; V2(N3): 218-223. [PMID: 25755437]; [DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2012.03.001]

5. Erim Y, Tagay S, Beckmann M, Bein S, Cicinnati V, Beckebaum S, Senf W, Schlaak F. Depression and protective factors of mental health in people with hepatitis C: A questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud 2010; 47: 342-349. [PMID: 19766994]; [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.08.002]

6. Schaefer M, Capuron L, Frieb A, Diez-Quevedo C, Robaeys G, Neri S, Foster GR, Kautz A, Forton D, Pariante CM. Hepatitis C infection, antiviral treatment and mental health: A European expert consensus statement. J of Hepatol 2012; 57: 1379-1390. [PMID: 22878466]; [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.037]

7. Schafer A, Scheurlen M, Felten M, Kraus MR. Physician-patient relationship and disclosure behaviour in chronic hepatitis C in a group of German outpatients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17: 1387-1394. [PMID: 16292094]; [DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200512000-00019]

8. Gard´on D, Guillen IA, Fern´andez JR, Camacho JR, Estevez Z, Dueñas S, Alvares-Lajonchere L, Amador Y, Martinez-Donato G, Han J, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Gao Y, Campaña JR, Novoa LI. Assessment of IL-28: rs12979860 and rs8099917 Polymorphisms in a Cohort of Cuban Chronic HCV Genotype 1b Patients. J Biomol Tech 2017; V28(1): 1-7. [PMID: 28058039]; [DOI: 10.7171/jbt.17-2801-001]

9. Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ, Simon JS, Shianna KV, Urban TJ, Heinzen EL, Qiu P, Bertelsen AH, Muir AJ, Sulkowski M, McHutchison JG, Goldstein DB. Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature 2009; 461: 399-401. [PMID: 19684573]; [DOI: 10.1038/nature08309]

10. Kraus MR, Al-Taie O, Schefer A, Pfersdorff M, Lesch KP, Scheurlen M. Serotonin-1A receptor gene (HTR1A) vairation predicts interferon-induced depression chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 1279-1286. [PMID: 17408646]; [DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.053]

11. Lotrich FE, Ferrell RE, Rabinovitz M, Pollock BG. Risk for depression during interferon-alpha treatment is affected by the serotonin transporter polymorphism. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65: 344-348. [PMID: 18801474]; [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.009]

12. Yoshida K, Alagbe O, Wang X, Woolwine B, Thornbury M, Raison CL, Miller AH. Promoter polymorphisms of the interferon-alpha receptor gene and development of Interferon induced depressive symptoms in patients with chronic hepatitis C: preliminary findings. Neuropsychobiology 2005; 52: 55-61. [PMID: 15990456]; [DOI: 10.1159/000086605]

13. Su K-P, Huang S-Y, Peng C-Y, Lai H-C, Huang C-L, Chen Y-C, Aitchison KJ, Pariante CM. Phospholipase A2 and cycloxygenase 2 genes influence the risk of interferon-a-induced depression by regulating polyunsaturated faty acids levels. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67: 550-557. [PMID: 20034614]; [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.005]

14. Lotrich FE, Loftis JM, Ferrell RM, Rabinovitz M and Hauser P. IL28B Polymorphism Is Associated with Both Side Effects and Clearance of Hepatitis C During Interferon-Alpha Therapy. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; V1(3): 331-336. [PMID: 21133812]; [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0074]

15. Protocolo Clinico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Hepatite Viral C e Co-Infecções. Ministério da Saúde. Normas e Manuais Técnicos. Brasília, 2011]

16. Protocolo Clinico e Diretrizes Terapeuticas para Hepatite Viral C e Co-Infecções. Ministério da Sáude. Normas e Manuais Técnicos. Brasilia, 2013.

17. Protocolo Clinico e Diretrizes Terapeuticas para Hepatite Viral C e Co-Infecções. Ministério da Sáude. Normas e Manuais Técnicos. Brasilia, 2015.

18. Agundez JA, Garcıa-Martin E, Maestro ML, Cuenca F, Martınez C, Ortegas L, Carballo M, Vidaurreta M, Agreda M, Díaz-Zelaya G, Suárez A, Díaz-Rubio M, Ladero JM. Relation of IL28B Gene Polymorphism with Biochemical and Histological Features in Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Liver Disease. Plos One 2012; V7(5): e379981-6. [PMID: 22666430]; [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037998]

19. Lin CY, Chen J, Lin TN, Jeng WJ, Huang CH, Huang CW, Chang SW, Sheen IS. IL28B SNP rs12979860 Is a Critical Predictor for On Treatment and Sustained Virologic Response in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype-1 Infection Plos One; 2011; V6(3): e18322. [PMID: 21479134]; [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018322]

20. Schreiber J, Moreno C, Garcia Garcia B, Louvet A, Trepo E, Henrion J, Thabut D, Mathurin P, Deltenre P. Meta-analysis: the impact of IL28B polymorphisms on rapid and sustained virological response in HCV-2 and -3 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36: 353-362. [PMID: 22742526]; [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05197.x]

21. Mangia A, Thompson A J, Santoro R, Piazzolla V, Tillmann HL, Patel K, Shianna KV, Mottola L, Petruzzellis D, Bacca D, Carretta V, Minerva N, Goldstein DB, McHutchison JG. An IL28B Polymorphism Determines Treatment Response of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2 or 3 Patients Who Do Not Achieve a Rapid Virologic Response Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 821-827. [PMID: 20621700]; [DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.05.079]

22. Gupta AC, Trehanpati N, Sukriti S, Hissar S, Midha V, Sood A, Sarin SK. Interleukin-28b CC Genotype Predicts Early Treatment Response and CT/TT Genotypes Predicts Non-Response in Patients Infected with HCV Genotype 3. J of Medical Virology 2014; 86: 707-712. [PMID: 24415442]; [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23876]

23. Urban TJ, Thompson AJ, Bradrick SS, Fellay J, Schuppan D, Cronin KD, Hong L, McKenzie A, Patel K, Shianna KV, McHutchison JG, Goldstein DB, Afdhal N. IL28B genotype is associated with differential expression of intrahepatic interferon-stimulated genes in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2010; 52: 1888-1896. [PMID: 20931559]; [DOI: 10.1002/hep.23912]

24. Monaco S, Mariotto S, Ferrari S, Calabrese M, Zanusso G, Gajofatto A, Sansonno D, Dammacco F. Hepatitis C virus-associated neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders: Advances in 2015. World J Gastroenterol 2015; V21(42): 11974-11983. [PMID: 26576086]; [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i42.11974]

25. Rembeck K, Alsio A, Christensen PB, Farkkila M, Langeland N, Buhl MR, Pedersen C, Mørch K, Westin J, Lindh M, Hellstrand K, Norkrans G, Lagging M. Impact of IL28B-Related Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Liver Histopathology in Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 2 and 3. Plos One 2012; V7 (1). e29370. [PMID: 22253715]; [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029370]

26. Matsuura K, Watanabe T and Tanaka Y. Role of IL28B for chronic hepatitis C treatment toward personalized medicine. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; (29): 241-249. [PMID: 24325405]; [DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12475]

27. Stättermayer AF, Rutter K, Beinhardt S, Scherzer TM, Stadlmayr A, Hofer H, Wrba F, Steindl-Munda P, Krebs M, Datz C, Trauner M, Ferenci P. Association of the IL28B genotype with insulin resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2012; V(57): 492-498. [PMID: 22634340]; [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.036]

28. Evon DM, Verma A, Simpson K, Galanko JA, Dougherty KA, Fried MW. Psychiatric symptoms during interferon treatment for hepatitis C: experiences from a tertiary care hepatology centre. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 1071-1080. [PMID: 18266996]; [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03640.x]

29. Lotrich FE, Ferrell RE, Rabinovitz M, Pollock BG. Labile anger during interferon-alpha treatment is associated with a polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Clin Neuropharmacol 2010; 33(4): 191-197. [PMID: 20661026]; [DOI: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181de8966]

30. Modabbernia A, Poustchi H, Malekzadeh R. Neuropsychiatric and Psychosocial Issues of Patients With Hepatitis C Infection: A Selec­tive Literature Review. Hepat Mon. 2013; 13(1): e8340. [PMID: 23550100]; [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.8340]

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.